Understanding community policing Community partnerships - 1375 Words

Understanding community policing: Community partnerships, Problem solving, Organizational transformation, Advantages and disadvantages of community policing (Essay Sample) Content: Community PolicingNameInstitution AffiliationCommunity PolicingIntroductionCreated 63 years ago, the Virtual City Police Department has become a popular policing agency in the United States of America. Studies show that the greatest challenge that police departments are facing is to engage the community through social media as well as modern technology advancements. Various police departments in the US have taken up the challenge and have decided to implement policing models that includes the participation of the community. One effective technique of community policing that they have implemented is the use of social media and other new technology to reach out the people. Following the Mayorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s interest of introducing community policing in my cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s police department, I will present to her the issues surrounding the operational approach. The paper will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of community policing. I will thereafter give my recommen dation for the same.Background informationFor the last few years, community leaders, politicians, and the police have shown a great interest in looking for other ways of promoting public safety effectively and enhancing peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s quality of life. Currently, sheriffs, mayors and other officials are assessing what operational or organizational changes would be effective in benefiting the people through their services. It is important to note that the strategies of community policing depend on the responses and needs of the community being served. However, there are basic approaches that are similar to every effort on community policing. Initially, there were no efforts to study and learn the concepts of community policing. Today, the U.S Bureau of Justice Assistance has mandated the Community Policing Consortium to design a framework that agencies could utilize in adopting and implementing community policing. The main reason for this is, to create a learning experience that w ill allow community members, the policy makers and the police to evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of community policing in dealing with issues such as crime and violence in the cities.Understanding community policingExperts define community policing as a philosophical approach that enables police agencies to apply or use problem-solving and partnership techniques to address issues that infringe the safety of the public. The integration of the social media in community policing strategies enables the police department to incorporate the view of the people, thus creating an interactive and sustainable model for carrying out police services. To better understand the concept of community policing, it is important to discuss its components. Community policing involves problem solving and community partnerships (Kappeler and Gaines, 2015).Community partnershipsBuilding community partnerships is basically having collaboration between the police agency and the organization or com munity members they serve. The core purpose of building a healthy partnership is to find solutions to issues facing the people and ensure their trust in the police (Kappeler and Gaines, 2015). In this case, the role of the public is to prioritize the issues affecting their safety. A good example of a community partnership is the partnership between the law enforcement agency (police) and other government agencies. The police department can partner with a government agency to identify the concerns of the community members and offer solutions. Examples of government agencies that the police department can partner with include ordinance enforcement, schools, and legislative bodies among others. The police department can also partner with other groups with special interests in the community. Such groups include activists, tourists and community leaders among others (Kappeler and Gaines, 2015).Problem solvingUnder the model of community policing, police officers should be skilled and pro active in identifying problems and their respective solutions. Officers should take measures to prevent the occurrence of safety problems rather than just responding after the problems occur (Kappeler and Gaines, 2015). For example, the agency should not view making an arrest is the only solutions to all problems. Instead, the agency should encourage the police personnel to identify other innovative ideas for of problem-solving.Organizational transformationThe effectiveness of a community policing strategy solely depends on how the law enforcement agency is managed. Organizational transformation promotes the application of effective management strategies that boost the efficiency of the agency. In other words, the agency should change or improve on its organized and how the personnel work. For example agency should develop an organizational structure that ensures officers to have authority in decision-making. The structure should also hold the police accountable of their actions. Al so, the agency should incorporate community policing principle in the selection, recruitment and hiring of police personnel.Advantages and disadvantages of community policingAdvantagesOne of the major advantages of having community policing is that, it reduces fear of the community members (Lyons, 2002).Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s now clear that community policing brings together the police and the members of the community. Therefore the presence of the police among the citizens reduces fear and the community members feel secure. The interaction between the two parties also helps in strengthening the community. As such, it becomes easy for the police to collaborate with the citizens in identifying key problems that are threats to their safety. With collaboration, the community members build trust in the police, hence more willing to contribute in, for example, giving information on criminals suspected to cause chaos in the community (Bruhn, 2007).Another crucial benefit of community policing, it helps in promoting public safety and improve the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s quality of life (Lyons, 2002). Safety could only be achieved if we identify existing problems and finding their solutions. Problem solving, as a component of community policing, involves the proactive measures taken by the police to identify issues that may cause chaos in the city. Such issues may include violence, robbery and rape cases among others. The police in this case, will engage the community members to give their perception and views regarding the problems facing them. As such, both parties will work together to promote safety in the neighborhoods (Lyons, 2002).Community policing is an important tool for transforming the police department. In the traditional policing, citizens were not involved in the identification and solving of problems facing the city. Under the model of community policing, the police are now involving the community members through the social media and other modern technology channels (Bruhn, 2007). Organizational transformation also includes changes in the selection, recruitment and hiring of the police officers into the department. With community policing, agencies seek to change and improve their services to the people by selecting qualified police personnel who latter undergo a training program to familiarize themselves with the duties and responsibilities of the police in dealing with criminal activities in the city.We know that if people have a negative perception of the police, it is less likely for them to contribute in cracking down criminals to save the community. The involvement of the citizens in community policing creates an understanding of what police work entails. In other words, the community members begin to understand what the officers do daily, by getting more involved in protecting the entire community. For example, if the people understand that the work of the officers is just to crack down criminals and prosecute them with evidence, they w ill give valuable information that would help the police to find the hiding places of the criminals. Ultimately, peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement in community policing helps in reducing crime in the city.Under the policing model, police officers are able to apply solutions that work to solve problems and eliminate those solut...

Shisha smoking and its hazards - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9617 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract This research was conducted to familiarize with the Hazards of Shisha Smoking among the youth of today, since past five years in the metropolitan city of Lahore. Primary and secondary sources were of great use. The information collected revealed that the teenagers are adopting Shisha as a style statement without knowing its health consequences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shisha smoking and its hazards" essay for you Create order Cafes serving Shisha are considered to be rapidly increasing and therefore gain a big clientele. Besides being a growing trend it is a source of income to many suppliers. The study also found that smoking Shisha for an hour is as harmful as smoking 100 cigarettes. The need of the hour is to educate the youth regarding the harmful effects of smoking Shisha. Although a complete ban on anything is not possible, government should take steps to grip this growing culture. Acknowledgements We are grateful to ‘Almighty Allah Who enabled us to complete this research paper. We are grateful to our instructor and our research supervisor, Ms. Rumessa Naqvi, whose proper guidance and apprehensive nature helped us to complete this research. We are thankful to Dr. Hassan Tariq (Medical Officer, Adil Hospital, Lahore), Ms. Madiha Jamil (Final Year Medical Student) for arranging the interview with the doctor and providing us with appropriate knowledge regarding some basic medical terms related to Shisha. We are also obliged to Mr. Muhammad Arslan (Worker at Mini Golf) for his time and effort in providing us with quality information during their interviews with the team. We are also thankful to Mr. Omer Javed Butt (owner of Cafe rock) and Mr. Usman Mukhtar Gondal (a regular consumer) for their valuable answers to our questions. Last but not the least we are obliged to our parents, siblings and fellow classmates for their love and support. We have divided our main research topic into 5 different domains. Names Domains Usman Mukhtar Gondal Social Significance Zakra Chachar Shisha Cafes Resham Sohail Clientele Ameer Ismail Health issues (Lung Cancer and Oral Cavity) Saad Ali Khan Health Issues (Nicotine Dependence, Passive Smoking, COPD and other related diseases) Shisha Smoking and its Hazards Shisha originated in north westerns province of India, in the state of Rajastan and Gujrat. According to Cyril Elgood who does not mention his source, he was in India where Hakim Abdul Fateh Gillani an Iranian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar introduced the idea of Shisha..   Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry. Although Hooka has been prevalent in rural areas of Pakistan, it only recently entered in the urban areas in a substitute form of hookah which is known as Shisha. Shisha became very popular amongst youth when it was first introduces, gradually it founds it way to peoples houses, parties, functions and events. Cafes and restaurants have gathered a lot of acknowledgement by adding Shisha in variety of flavours in their menu card. By seeing this acknowledgement almost all cafes are serving Shisha in Lahore. There are many problem been faced due to Shisha as it is a demerit good. Although some studies says that Shisha smoking is safer than tobacco cigarette smoking but medical professionals says that all kinds on smoking is bad for health, therefore Shisha stands at same level as is the cigarette regarding health issues. Each Shisha session typically lasts for more than 40 minutes, and consists of 40 to 150 drags that each consists of 0.15 to 0.50 litres of smoke. Hour long Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100-200 cigarettes; in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. The water in Shisha use to filter diseases is not that efficient to remove all kinds of diseases. . People are suffering certain diseases as they had been a regular consumer of Shisha. Therefore Health issue is the main issue of Shisha consumption. A research department on Shisha smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008. Our scope of this research on Sh isha is for last five years within geographical boundaries of Lahore. Our primary question for research is the hazards of Shisha. This we answered by acquiring knowledge of Shishas four domains significance of Shisha, health issues regarding the usage of Shisha, cafes serving Shisha and problems faced by Shisha victims due to its ban. Literature Review The objective of this paper is to study and highlight the social, behavioral, and health related aspects as well as its externalities with regard to water-pipe smoking among adolescents in Lahore since last 5 years and also to create awareness among the youth. Water pipe, also known as Shisha, â€Å"Hubble Bubble†, â€Å"Narghile†, â€Å"Ghoza† and â€Å"Hookah†, has been in practice for the last 400 years. The reasons accredited to this trend are various misconceptions, that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health. Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modernization of our cultural heritage. (Anjum et al, 2007) The extent to which water pipe smoking has penetrated our society is difficult to establish since very little work has been done on it. A recent survey conducted in high socio-economic schools of Karachi reported that Shisha is gaining popularity among the young generation and it is easily available in the restaurants, hotels and Shisha cafes. This survey estimated that almost 70% children have experienced this form of tobacco, as young as seven years old. Its smoke also contains hundreds of potentially dangerous substances including carbon monoxide, charcoal, nicotine, arsenic, cobalt, chromium and lead causing disorders including lung and bladder cancers, impaired pulmonary functions, coronary heart disease, infertility, tobacco dependence and so on. (Anjum et al, 2008) Some research carried out in the UK last year showed that the people who regularly smoke `Shisha` may suffer from disastrous levels of carbon monoxide (CO) resembling to that of inhaling a car exhaust. In addition, water pipe smokers might absorb higher concentrations of these toxic substances because of higher concentrations in the smoke itself, or because they may smoke for several hours at a time and may inhale the moisturised, less irritating smok e more deeply. An hour-long `Shisha` session involves inhaling 100 to 200 times the amount of volume of smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette. This menace of Shisha Smoking is fast spreading among school and college going students. According to a research, more than 1000 Pakistani children of ages between of 6-16 years take up smoking every day. Although the Anti-Smoking Ordinance 2002, clearly prohibits storage, sale and distribution of tobacco products near educational institutions, yet some leading universities, schools and colleges in Lahore allow Shisha Smoking on social events. Besides this a number of posters posted on walls and bookshops carry attractive offers for Shisha smokers. This is primarily meant to motivate the youth studying in nearby institutions towards Shisha smoking. In fact, every day new Shisha cafes are opening up in the country because of its increasing demand by the younger generation which is further pushing the youth towards the use of this menace. Smoking is also prohibited at all public places, including hotels and restaurants. Yet, it is being served in different cafes and restaurants of the vicinity. It is indeed sad that by allowing cigarette and `Shisha` smoking in these closed premises, the anti-smoking laws of the country are being disobeyed by almost all hotels and restaurants in the country. (Dr Javed Khan, 2010) The reasons for this rising trend are certain misconceptions that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health, since the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; nicotine content is less than that of cigarettes and addition of fruit flavours make it healthier. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modern lifestyle. Our research has shown that increasing consumption of Shisha smoking among the young generation is likely to become a serious public health issue of Pakistan in a very near future. Research has shown that people who consume Shisha are likely to become regular cigarette smokers and are also pushed towards other drugs indirectly. Lack of knowledge is the main problem due to which treatment induced is ineffective to make people quit water-pipe smoking. The space between knowledge and treatment can be filled by the efforts made by the research authorities. People should be aware of the health threats so the new trend of tobacco smoking causing diseases, addiction and death can be prevented. Our health authorities must take notice of the current situation and put a complete ban on serving `Shisha` at any hotel or restaurant in the country. The electronic and print media must warn the public, particularly the youth, on the serious potential health hazards associated with `Shisha` smoking. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Research Questions Primary research question Hazards of Shisha Smoking among youngsters in Lahore, DHA and Gulberg since last past five years. Subsidiary questions 1. Do you smoke Shisha? This question was generated to know whether the respondent is a smoker or a non smoker. If someone smokes a Shisha, then what the reason actually was, being peer pressure, surroundings or status symbol. If he doesnt, then what is the reason behind it? 2. Do you think Shisha is harmful for health? This question was generated to find out the general opinion of the public about the health hazards of Shisha. 3. Has Shisha become an addiction for you? This question was asked to find out if quitting Shisha smoking is possible for the respondents. It also enquires to what extent is the respondent dependent on the Shisha availability. 4. In your opinion, what is more harmful for health? Cigarette or Shisha? This question inquires the respondents about the misconception of Shisha being less harmful than a cigarette. It is designed to find out how deep is this misconception enrooted in their minds. Methodology Data collection tools consist of a questionnaire and 4 interviews. A sample of 30 pupils was taken, consisting of Shisha smokers and non-Shisha smokers, to fill the questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed using simple random sampling and snowball sampling. 10 questionnaires were filled in the university and the remaining questionnaires were distributed to random pupils in cafes. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed by the help of Statgraphic. Interviews were conducted from four people, a doctor, and a consumer of Shisha, a supplier and a worker in cafe. The workers and consumers interview was held on 20th March 2011 at Mini golf. The suppliers interview was conducted on 28th March 2011 at Cafe Rock, while the doctors interview was carried out (March, 3, 2011). Analyses of questionnaire and interviews have been included in the discussion. Analysis of Data and Discussion Social Significance Shisha in Pakistan was introduced in the cafe â€Å"mini golf† in the liveliest city of this country Lahore in 2000. As years passed away Shisha has become one of the most significant product of get togethers. Shah Sharabeel the owner of mini golf received huge amount of revenue and acknowledgment by the serving of Shisha which attracted other businessmen got an idea to promote their cafes by providing Shisha in their cafes. Now there are more than 200 cafes serving Shisha in the city Lahore this is my own observation. It has become so significant that even in the hotels like â€Å"Pearl Continental Hotel† also serve Shisha†. Shisha significance has increased dramatically it is not only served in elite areas like Gulberg but also in lower class areas like Anarkali. It was really surprising for me as a consumer of Shisha when I was attending a wedding ceremony where I was served a Shisha, this was the very moment when I myself gave a thought that Shisha is bec oming a part of Lahores culture. The serving of Shisha in wedding ceremonies is becoming so common nowadays, I myself have attended five wedding ceremonies in which Shisha had been served. Nowadays majority of youngsters have Shisha at their homes this shows that Shisha is now socially accepted as a part of our culture. In the questionnaire I proposed a question in which I asked about their parents strict check on Shisha smoking habit majority reply was no. This shows that people do not consider Shisha as a demerit good as is a cigarette. One of the main reasons for a drastic increase in Shisha consumption is that people have a false assumption that Shisha is environmental friendly and is less harmful than cigarette whereas in a research it has been proven that Shisha is far more dangerous for ones health as compare to cigarette. (See Appendix C, Figure 4). I come to about this false assumption by interviewing a regular consumer of Shisha. While interviewing there was a question raised that why is Shisha becoming so common among youngsters like you? In reply a consumer said that Shisha is becoming a trend among youngsters, people have an incentive to hang out which is to have Shisha. Shisha in short time period had turned out to be a style icon, Shishas consumers covered people from almost all groups of society. The young people are at top of the list in Shishas fan club. The attempts of the Punjab Government to check this fast growing culture had raised many questions and the most important is that when cigarette and other drugs are not been checked by the government then why the ban on Shisha? In reply its simple that Shisha is socially accepted. When people dont get back from trying cigarettes and other drugs then this Shisha a tasty fruitful sweet flavoured smoking system should not be refraining by people. There are many reasons for smoking Shisha some says that it is a hobby, it is the best pastime with friends, a way of keeping up-to-date with newest trends or just puffing as others do it. Shisha consumption is not limited to Shisha bars only but it is spreading its roots in education premises as well, â€Å"With the hovering news of Punjab Governments consideration for an altogether complete ban on Shisha, many willing investors feel discouraged to step in the previously blooming Shisha business. Of course a 100 percent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible but even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.†(Younis, 2011) Shisha has become so common in Pakistan that nearly all cafes, restaurants and eateries offer Shisha in variety of flavours. â€Å"Our young generation today are attracted to Shisha, as it comes in a variety of flavours and is popular as a group activity†. Many Shisha consumers have faith in this false statement that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes but the reality is quiet different Shisha is far more d ifferent than cigarettes. By smoking Shisha one inhales more carbon monoxide as compare to inhaling of cigarettes, which cause heart diseases, respiratory problems and many more similar to cigarettes diseases.† According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where Shisha is very popular, Shisha is just as, if not more, harmful than normal cigarettes. Headaches, blurred vision, palpitations and dizziness are just some of the symptoms reported by Shisha smokers as well as cigarette smokers.†(Mugani, 2009). Government of Pakistan should implement laws against Shisha smoking in public places, as this kinds of laws have been implementing in many countries all over the world. Whereas if someone wants to smoke he/she should does it at his/her home. Government should create awareness especially among young generation by setting awareness programme conducted in educational institutions to educate people about the hazards of Shisha smoking. (Mugani,2009) Shisha smoking for o ne hour is equal to 100 cigarettes smoking, Shisha addiction has increased in the form of fashion.† Pakistan Chest Society Sindhs General Secretary Dr Mushataque Ahmed Memon informed that a recent research has revealed that smoking Shisha is 10 times more injurious as compared to cigarette while smoking Shisha for an hour is equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes, adding that the impacts of cigarette smoking are not hidden from anyone.† (Hanif, 2011) General Secretary said that Shisha smoking causes lung cancer. Causes respiratory problems and asthma. In addition it also causes mental health problems. He said that because of non-implication of laws to ban shiha, Shisha has become a vital problem young generations health, this issue has kept un noticed but it should be considered one of the main problems. â€Å"Pakistan Medical Associations President Prof Dr Idrees Edhi said that Shisha is becoming common since families do not consider it bad. He said especially the yo uth adopt Shisha smoking as a trend which eventually leads to addiction.†(Hanif, 2011) He said that everyone is aware of the hazards of cigarettes but no one is aware of the hazards of Shisha. Every cafe and restaurants serve Shisha where every student whether a boy or a girl both enjoy the taste and smoke of Shisha without noticing its hazards.   He pointed out certain misconceptions which are the reasons behind this rising trend he said people think that Shisha is environmental friendly due to baseless reasons including that the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; less nicotine content than that of a cigarette and healthier smoking due to the addition of fruit flavours but these all are misunderstandings.† Dr Javaid Khan told that he conducted a survey in four universities which revealed that 43 percent male and 11 percent female students were the addicts of Shisha while 60 percent males and 18 percent females had consumed Shisha once in their lives.† (Hanif, 2011). Shisha has become a major part of majority of the youngsters as I carried out a survey in which I asked the quantity of consumption of Shisha on average, majority reply was once daily. Shisha has become more of a trend and a way to keep one up to date. It has become a mean of get together. People even consider it as a best pastime. This really shows its significance. Government carry out surveys, research and passing laws against Shisha shows that Shisha is becoming Pakistanis culture its significance is increasing day by day. Nowadays it is becoming a major part of any festival   whether it is basant, jash-ne- bahara, wedding ceremony, birthday party or any private party. Shisha is available almost everywhere as a cigarette is available. People prefer Shisha over cigarettes as they follow their false assumption that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes. This all major points show that Shisha is affecting our nation by all means. (Hanif, 2011 ). Shisha Cafes In its most common meaning a cafe is a place to eat, a restaurant as we may call it, but when we talk about a cafe in Lahore, Pakistan there is a difference in its meaning than a restaurant. A cafe in Lahore has one distinctive feature than restaurants, which is, it is also a Shisha corner. Shisha has become a lot popular since it was first introduced, around 10 years ago. The first place where it was served is National Park, more commonly known as Mini Golf. One of its owners is the most popular of personalities of Lahore, Shah Sharabeel. Ali Shisha wala isthe sole manufacturer of a certain design of Shisha. As Shisha increased in demand, investors set in to meet this demand. Places like Defense Housing Authority (DHA) and Gulberg were filled with such cafes. As competition set in, Mini golf managed to hold three open bars for Shisha serving which attracted quite a lot of teenagers, they offered, and still do, different discount cards to attract customers, mainly targe ting teenagers, portraying Shisha as the new ‘hip product. Hazards of Shisha were not much of a concern then. It was only until recently that the hazards of Shisha have become a major concern. As Javed(2010) claims in an article, that Shisha has indeed become an addiction, which is widespread in the 16-25 years age group which consisted of 70 percent males and 30 percent female Shisha smokers. According to our research, most of the Shisha smokers are unaware of the threats posed by it and those who are aware of the hazards do not seem to understand the seriousness of it, like many cigarette smokers. The contents of Shisha mostly carry prohibited and addictive substances. One of the dangers is that Shisha may result into low fertility rates among girls. There may be about 30 cafes in DHA and Gulberg only and by personal experience I know that none of the suppliers were aware of the hazards of Shisha smoking, if they were, they were not concerned by it, but everyday they m ake much profits through their customers. The Governments consideration of Shisha and its hazards have only recently come into play due to the protests by the media and the DHA Shisha ban phenomenon, which happened about 3 years ago. It is suspected that a lot of malpractice takes place during Shisha sessions. It is precisely that reason why Shisha has been banned outright in DHA. A girl expired while smoking Shisha which contained wine instead of water and cocaine instead of flavor in it, the mixture reacted pretty bad or heavy for the girls body. However this did not seem to have a substantial effect on Shisha smokers and Shisha providers. However Shisha cafes remain open in the outskirts of DHA, shifting the consumers to these cafes. When we talk about Shisha hazards and the cafes who are providing it, we seem to forget about the workers of that place. I aimed to fulfill this gap and obtain their views. One of the workers, Muhammad Arslan who works at mini golf, was in terviewed. He says that he and he alone serves up to 70 Shishas everyday. When asked about his health he claimed that he has not observed any change in his health. Another waiter standing nearby responded to this question too, stating that he feels addicted to Shisha smoking. However, my personal reviews about Arslan were that his face was pallid and he seemed very weak by his appearance, like a drug addict, to be more accurate. When asked that why did he preferred serving Shisha and not food, his answer was that he always wanted to do this, he states that by checking and listening to his customers reviews of the Shisha he served, gives him pleasure. Finally we asked him about the safety precautions, the management had to propose to the workers, we received a flat â€Å"nothing† as an answer to this. It is agonizing to see how badly these investors treat their workers, who risk their lives to conduct their tasks although they are not aware of it, who are not being paid adequa tely and no precautions! The workers may not be aware of the hazards of Shisha; it is their employers responsibility to take notice of their health. Awareness campaigns should be held in order to save these workers. It should be discouraged; the employers ought to take responsibility for their health. If one worker serves up to 70 Shisha on average, this is an outrage that their employers are not even concerned. The government should take notice of this worker exploitation. Once the interview was conducted and analyzed, we shifted towards the suppliers to obtain reviews and their justification of the worker exploitation. We also intend to find whether they are affected by the ban on Shisha in DHA. Since the hovering news of the raid in Jammin Java cafe in Gulberg, many cafes have taken precautions, as the Government seems to take notice on the hazards of Shisha. An example is a notice outside mini golfs Arabian lounge, which said â€Å"Shisha will not be served to underage pu pil.† Cafe rock was surveyed as a sample and interviewed its owner, Omer Javed Butt. There was also a sign board on its entrance saying the same statement mentioned above. Starting with the obvious of questions was he aware of the danger posed by Shisha. Yes, he does but according to Mr. Butt there are certain flavors which are dangerous for example, Gutka and its mixture with other flavors. He states that his cafe does not cater any such flavors. He claims that his cafes main purpose is to serve as a restaurant. Their cafe provides Shisha with food only. This is a mean to discourage Shisha, according to him. With this caution they manage to make about RS 300,000 every month, exclusively on Shisha. When asked about what measures have he taken for the workers health, he states that he has simply reduced their working hours compared to other waiters without any increments in their wage or any other fringe benefits. As for the governments consideration on Shisha, it cant be banned outright because cigarette smoking have not been banned, which is a more dangerous addiction. By pointing out the governments lack of authority in banning cigarette smoking, they intend to de-track the government and compensate them for providing Shisha. And since Shisha have been brought into citizens homes, it simply cant be banned, because it would not stop smokers (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 28t). The measures taken by the Punjab Government to decrease the consumption of Shisha is have not resulted into a major threat as their business have not been affected by it(Omer, personal communication). The reason for ban on Shisha in DHA is known to everyone, even our interviewees. It has been a rumor that many people and cafes have been infusing drugs in the contents of Shisha. However it have never been proven, neither have anybody witnessed it. While surveying Arslan was inquired about the rumored drug activity taking place in cafes, he disagrees; drug activ ities are not conducted publicly but in privacy. Furthermore, such activities cannot take place within a cafes premises as drugs like cocaine can easily be detected (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 21st). The university grapevine tells a different story, it is known by students that malpractice can take place publicly although not anymore, due to the recent police raid in two cafes. The police forced their way in Sheikhoos cafe and cafe life on March, 17, 2011, although illegally as they failed to show a warrant when inquired, but when asked from the policemen, they claim that they were conducting raids under orders of the Lahore CCPO (Pakistan today, 2011). Under such circumstances the cafe owners take precautions so as not to damage their reputation in the market. As one can conclude from the results, it is advisable for the government to take actions but legally and in a subtle manner. Clientele In Pakistan traditionally used â€Å"hookah† is now known as Shisha. Shisha is gaining massive popularity among youth of Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi causing serious health issues to their lives. People addicted to smoking Shisha faces many problems due to its ban. The major concern for the society is the increasing rate of smokers in both male and female. Shisha attracts more customers than cigarettes as it is served with flavours and sweet-smelling substances of Lemon, Strawberry, Orange, Apple, Honey and cherry. Although the ban on the use of Shisha has been selectively imposed by the governments in certain areas but violators are not being prosecuted. Some restaurants are still offering Shisha to the teenagers who are visiting these places in increasing numbers. These youngsters seem to have taken Shisha as a style symbol without knowing its consequences (See Appendix C, Figure 1). Shisha smoking is one of the most recent trends among the youth of Lahore. Cafes offering Shisha are considered to be ‘in and therefore, gain a big â€Å"clientele†. According to a newspaper report, Lahores Defence Housing Authority (DHA) has asked cafes not to serve Shisha as it is injurious to health and also used in the consumption of drugs in most of the cases. Concerned parents feel relaxed after the imposition of ban on Shisha. However, there are still many questions unanswered such as â€Å"Do we have definitive medical evidence suggesting that smoking Shisha is a health hazard? Do cafes need official permission for serving Shisha? Why is it still being allowed to be served in other parts of Lahore?† (â€Å"Lahores bifurcated laws the perils of smoking Shisha in DHA†, 2008). Government and NGOs should work in collaboration to find concrete evidence regarding the harmful effects of Shisha and hence, issue health warnings to youngsters as it was done in case of cigarette smokers. If Shisha is considered to be harmful, it has to be banned all over the city. It makes no sense why the administration outside DHA is not asked to impose a ban on it. (2008) Young people are the primary target of the tobacco industry in Pakistan. In order to create 100 percent smoke-free environment complete ban should be imposed on tobacco advertising. Similarly to discourage its use tobacco taxation should be introduced. As we all know that youth is the backbone of every nation. In order to maximize their profits tobacco industry needs to replace people who quit smoking with new young customers. This can only be done by attracting more individuals from worldwide with potentially divesting health consequences. Some people thing that smoking Shisha is less injurious to health than smoking cigarettes however, they both cause serious diseases such as lung cancer. (Maqbool, 2009). According to Section-8 of the Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-smokers health ordinance, in year 2002 no person was allowed to sell to bacco products to any other person under the age of 18 years as it was against the law. The enforcement of this section of law has remained weak so far. (Maqbool, 2010). The National Bank Park near Kalma Chowk and restaurants around Gaddafi stadium are identified as hubs of Shisha smoking. Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif took action in the Senate and standing Committee on health to stop the trend of Shisha bars in high-class and middle class areas making teenagers especially women addicted. He promised that no new contracts will be issued to Shisha bars in parks to stop unhealthy activities in young generation. (â€Å"25pc people may be diabetic by 2025†, 2010). Another important thing is parents generally do not know that flavored tobacco used in Shisha is as dangerous as cigarettes tobacco. Due to which TCC (Tobacco Control Cell) has printed flyers to distribute them in the educational institute to highlight the dangers of Shisha smoking and the fact that it is against the law to serve Shisha to those who are under 18 years of age. (Maqbool, 2011). According to Muhammad Ahmed Pansota a police team led by the Liberty police SHO raided Restaurants of Danial Arif (Sheikhoos Cafe at MM Alam Road), and Arif Saleem (Cafe Life at Gaddafi Stadium). There were two Shishas held from Arifs restaurant and four from Saleems. The police told them that were not allowed to serve Shishas, though the police had nothing in written. The petitioners added they serve Shisha throughout the province without any opposition from the government officials. The clients were not implicated in any criminal activities rather the police raid was unlawful and meant to blackmail them to close their business. The clients were aware of all the rules and regulation regarding their business. The police raid not only damaged the petitioners reputation but also resulted in great loss Pansota added. The court has been requested to declare this action of police illegal and unlawful. (â €Å"Shisha ban: Police chief summoned over restaurant†, 2011). Habiba Younis points out that Shisha initially emerged as a style icon in â€Å"elite circles† has now covered people from nearly all groups of society. The most prone of these were, of course, young people. For many it was a hobby, a past time with friends, a mean of being advanced with the latest trends or simple leisure puffing just because others are doing it. Moreover, nowadays its usage isnt only confined to Shisha bars but it is also growing roots in educational premises such as universities. It isnt rare to find students using their own water pipes in university corners and hostels. Also a fact worth mentioning here is that under the cover of Shisha tradition many other drugs are now available in the market. Many bars have been reported to serve Shisha mixed with illegal drugs like heroine and hashish. (2011). Shisha is not that harmful as cigarettes are. They include natural flavors which are environment friendly. It gives out less CO as compared to cigarettes. Smoking twice a day makes it easy to quit smoking cigarettes. It is the best substitute, as it is becoming popular among youth. (U. M. Gondal, personal communication, March, 20, 2011). WHO (World Health Organization) the TCC of the ministry of health has produced a 15-minute video to draw attention to tobacco control laws and their enforcement in Pakistan. The documentary discusses the Shisha among youth and the prohibitation of sale of tobacco products to youth. Shisha has become a style symbol and youth are using it without realizing its impact on health. (â€Å"Pakistan produces first-ever video on tobacco, 2011). CPO Ghulam Mehmood Dogar says while talking to delegations of students and teachers that young generation is spoiled due to economic disparity and they are a subject to sexual abuse. It is termed as a tragedy of the society. The police are therefore, ordered to launch crackdown soon against drug trafficking, internet cafes and Shisha smoking. (â€Å"Crackdown against mini cinemas on the cards, 2011). According to a survey there are nearly 30 million smokers in the country. Almost 100,000 deaths every year are related to smoking diseases. Over 85 percent of the cases of lung and mouth cancer and asthma are smoker. Pakistanis spend over Rs50 billion annually on smoking. The Anti Narcotic Force document says one hour smoking of Shisha is more harmful than smoking of 100 cigarettes. (Ahmad, 2011). Similarly it is stated that, the ratio between young male and young female smokers had shrunk from 4:1 in 1996 to 2:1 in 2003. It is alarming to note that Shisha smokers are budding in numbers, due to certain traditions attached to it made it more popular among the youth today.   There is an urgent need to educate the public against the dangers of the Shisha use. (â€Å"Tabacco kills 274 Pakistanis every day: experts†) According to a social worker Munir Khan who visited more than 5 Shisha Houses in Model Town, Johar Town, Tech Society, DHA and M M Alam road Gulberg told this scribe that he talked to a group of teen-agers sitting in a Shisha House and they told him that their parents were unaware about water pipe smoking habit and if they knew, they would have no objection, he added (Butt, 2009). After we circulated self-administered questionnaire, deduced results states that even though, Shisha is harmful to health majority of people do not want it be banned. (Appendix A) Health Issues Shisha smoking has quite various gangerous effects on a mans health. The increasing trend of Shisha smoking observed in the last few years is mostly due to the misconceptions regarding its use, for instance that nicotine content is lower than that of cigarettes and that water filters out all the toxic chemicals including carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine and tar. New research has suggested that the water pipes have three additional lethal risks over cigarette smoking. Flavored tobacco is smoked over coals and fumes from these fuels add new toxins to the already dangerous smoke; Shisha smokers inhale up to 200 times more smoke in a single Shisha session than from a cigarette; And its social acceptance has resulted in high levels of secondhand smoke. (Our literature review) Smoke from the Shisha contains hundreds of potentially dangerous heavy metals like, Arsenic, Cobalt, nicotine, coaltar, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead and Chromium.   Research has shown that under normal Shisha use the smoke produced from a single pipe use contain approximately the same amount of Nicotine and Tar equivalent to 20 Cigarettes. Research has also shown that after 45 minutes of Shisha use expired air, carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine and heart rate are significantly elevated. While research about Shisha smoking is still emerging, evidence shows that it poses many dangers: Shisha smoke contains high levels of toxic compounds, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens). In fact, Shisha smokers are exposed to more carbon monoxide and smoke than are cigarette smokers. As with cigarette smoking, Shisha smoking is linked to lung and oral cancers, heart disease and other serious illnesses. Shisha smoking delivers about the same amount of nicotine as cigarette smoking does, possibly leading to tobacco dependence. Shisha smoke poses dangers associated with secondhand smoke (CO). Shisha smoking by pregnant women can result in low birth weight babies. Young female smokers are often motivated more by the desire to â€Å"stay thin† or â€Å"look cool† than to avoid an illness in middle life. Shisha pipes used in Shisha bars and cafes may not be cleaned properly, risking the spread of infectious diseases (T.B, Herpes, Hepatitis). The purpose of this research paper is to create awareness among the youth about the toxic substances present in the smoke of Shisha and the dangerous health hazarards caused due to them. Large number of the people who smoke Shisha are addicted to its taste as it is served with aromatic flavours. (Appendix C, Figure 3). Tobacco also containsnicotine, which according to a Medical Officer Dr. Hassan Tariq at Adil Hospital, Lahore, is a highly addictivepsychoactivechemical. Nicotine dependence may also result from repeated inhalation of tobacco smoke from Shisha. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. In some people, using any amount of tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. Nicotine dependence according to a reliable search source, ‘www.mayoclinic.com, is an addiction to tobacco products caused by the drug nicotine. Nicotine dependence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  also referred to as tobacco dependence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  means you cant stop using the substance, even though its causing you harm. While its the nicotine in tobacco that causes nicotine dependence, the toxic effects come mainly from other substances in tobacco. Smokers have much higher rates of heart disease, stroke and cancer than do nonsmokers. (â€Å"Nicotine dependence†, 2010) During the research, various visits were made to different restaurants and cafes, and it was found out that consumers fell a sense of pleasure during Shisha smoking. Nicotine produces physical and mood-altering effects in your brain that are temporarily pleasing. These effects make you want to use tobacco and lead to dependence. At the same time, stopping tobacco use causes withdrawal symptoms, including irritability and anxiety. (Wikipedia) Many individuals bolster their denial of harmful effects of Shisha smoking by focusing on someone they know personally who smoked until he or she was very old and died peacefully in bed. Such strong counter example helps smok ers to maintain internal beliefs that comfort them when presented with statistical evidence. Many effective treatments for nicotine dependence are available to help you manage withdrawal and stop smoking for good. Signs that you may be addicted include: You cant stop smoking.Youve made one or more serious, but unsuccessful, attempts to stop. You experience withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop. Your attempts at stopping have caused mood-related signs and symptoms, such as strong cravings, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, depressed mood, frustration or anger, difficulty concentrating, increased hunger, insomnia, and or diarrhea constipation. You keep smoking despite health problems.Even though youve developed problems with your lungs or your heart, you havent stopped or cant stop. You give up social or recreational activities in order to smoke.You may stop going to smoke-free restaurants or stop socializing with certain family members or friends because you cant smoke in these locations or situations. Shisha contains Carbon Monoxide (CO) which produces certain harmful diseases such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), also known aschronic obstructive lung disease(COLD),chronic obstructive airway disease(COAD),chronic airflow limitation(CAL) andchronic obstructive respiratory disease(CORD), which is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitisandemphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which theairwaysbecome narrowed. (U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute What is COPD).This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causingshortness of breath. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow onlung function tests.In contrast toasthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly fromtobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormalinflammatory responsein the lung. (Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A,et al., 2007).The inflammatory response in the larger airways is known aschronic bronchitis, which is diagnosed clinically when people regularly cough upsputum. In thealveoli, the inflammatory response causes destruction of the tissues of the lung, a process known as emphysema. The natural course of COPD is characterized by occasional sudden worsening of symptoms called acute exacerbations, most of which are caused byinfectionsorair pollution. One of the most common symptoms of COPD is shortness of breath (dyspnea). People with COPD commonly describe this as: My breathing requires effort, I feel out of breath, or I cant get enough air in.People with COPD, typically first notice dyspnea during vigorous exercise when the demand on the lungs is greatest. Over the years, dyspnea tends to get gradually worse so that it can occur during milder, everyday activities such as housework. In the advanced stages of COPD, dyspnea can become so bad that it occurs during rest and is constantly present. Other symptoms of COPD are a persistent cough,sputumor mucus production,wheezing, chest tightness, and tiredness. People with advanced (very severe) COPD sometimes developrespiratory failure. When this happens,cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, can occur. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause headaches, drowsiness or twitching (asterixis). A complication of advanced COPD iscor pulmonale, a strain on the heart due to the extra work required by the heart to pump blood through the affected lungs. There are a fewsignsof COPD that a healthcare worker may detect although they can be seen in other diseases. Some people have COPD and have none of these signs. Common signs are: tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate, wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs heard through astethoscope, breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in, enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-back distance (hyper aeration), active use of muscles in the neck to help with breathing, breathing through pursed lips, increased antero posterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e.barrel chest). CO is also a cause of Chronic Bronchitis. Lung damage and inflammation in the large airways results in chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms as a cough withsputumproduction on most days for 3 months of a year, for 2 consecutive years. In the airways of the lung, the hallmark of chronic bronchitis is an increased number (hyperplasia) and increased size (hypertrophy) of the goblet cellsandmucous glandsof the airway. As a result, there is more mucus than usual in the airways, contributing to narrowing of the airways and causing a cough with sputum. Microscopicallythere isinfiltrationof the airway walls withinflammatorycells. Inflammation is followed by scarring and remodeling that thickens the walls and also results in narrowing of the airways. As chronic bronchitis progresses, there issquamous metaplasia(an abnormal change in the tissue lining the inside of the airway) andfibrosis(further thickening and scarring of the airway wall). The consequence of th ese changes is a limitation of airflow. (â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease†, 2011) Patients with advanced COPD that have primarily chronic bronchitis rather than emphysema were commonly referred to as Blue Bloaters because of the bluish color of the skin and lips (cyanosis) seen in them.Thehypoxiaandfluid retentionleads to them being called Blue Bloaters. (Longmore, J. M.; Murray Longmore; Wilkinson, Ian; Supraj R. Rajagopalan, 2004) Emphysema is also caused due to the presence of CO which is an important ingredient of Shisha smoke. Lung damage and inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) results in emphysema.Emphysemais defined as enlargement of the air spacesdistalto theterminal bronchioles, with destruction of their walls.The destruction of air space walls reduces thesurface areaavailable for the exchange of oxygen andcarbon dioxideduring breathing. It also reduces the elasticity of the lung itself, which results in a loss of support for the airways that are embedded in the lung. These airways are more likely to collapse causing further limitation to airflow. The effort made by patients suffering from emphysema during exhalation, causes a pink color in their faces, hence the term commonly used to refer to them, Pink Puffers. (â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease†, 2011) Epidemiologicalstudies show that non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking. During the interview with a doctor, it was a shocking fact to find out that Shisha smoking not only affects the direct smoker but also affects the people around him in a rather worse manner. This phenomenon is called Passive smoking whichis the inhalation of smoke, calledsecondhand smoke(SHS) orenvironmental tobacco smoke(ETS), fromtobacco products used by others. It occurs when smoke permeates any environment, causing its inhalation by people within that environment. Scientific evidence shows that exposure to secondhand tobacco smokecausesdisease, disability, and death. Currently, the health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter ofscientific consensus, and these risks have been one of the major motivations forsmoking bansin workplaces and indoor public places, includingrestaurants and cafes etc. (â€Å"Passive smoking†, 2011) In 1992, theJournal of the American Medical Associationpublished a review of available evidence on the relationship between secondhand smoke and heart disease, and estimated that passive smoking was responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in theUnited Statesin the early 1980s.Theabsolute risk increaseof heart disease due to ETS was 2.2%, while theattributable risk percentwas 23%. Research using more exact measures of secondhand smoke exposure suggests that risks to nonsmokers may be even greater than this estimate. A British study reported that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of heart disease among non-smokers by as much as 60%, similar to light smoking.Evidence also shows that inhaled side stream smoke, the main component of secondhand smoke, is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke, a fact that was known to the tobacco industry since the 1980s, which kept its findings secret. Some scientists believe that the risk of passive smoking, in particular the risk of developing coronary heart diseases, may have been substantially underestimated. A minority of epidemiologists find it hard to understand how environmental tobacco smoke, which is far more dilute than actively inhaled smoke, could have an effect that is such a large fraction of the added risk of coronary heart disease among active smokers.One proposed explanation is that secondhand smoke is not simply a diluted version of mainstream smoke, but has a different composition with more toxic substances per gram of total particulate matter.Passive smoking appears to be capable of precipitating the acute manifestations of cardio-vascular d iseases (atherothrombosis) and may also have a negative impact on the outcome of patients who suffer acute coronary syndromes. Raupach T, SchÃÆ' ¤fer K, Konstantinides S and Andreas S (2006). Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm.(European Heart Journal,27, 4, pp.386-392). According to a local gynecologist, Dr. Sobia Nadeem, tobacco use in women is also an important factor in miscarriages among pregnant Shisha smokers, it contributes to a number of other health threats to the health of the fetus such as and low birth weight premature births and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).To strengthen this fact with the hlp of an evidence, it is stated that result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brains ability to recognizehypoxicconditions, thus increasing the chance of accidentaldeath. It was als o found out that incidence ofimpotencyis approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. (Dr. Hassan Tariq, Adil Hospital, Lahore) There is also some evidence that Shisha use may also decrease the sperm count in men. Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effect of the Shisha use (Dr. Javed Khan, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi). Much like cigarette smoke, Shisha smoke can lead to heath problems such as lung disease, emphysema, asthma, low birth weight and cancer of the mouth, esophagus and lungs. According to Professor Javaid Khan of Aga Khan University in Pakistan, regular Shisha users have lung functions approximately 25 percent lower than those who do not use this. Professor Khan also notes that children are especially susceptible to harmful effects such as lung infections, asthma and sudden infant death syndrome. (Gream, 2010). Smoking Shisha dramatically increase the risk of developing many diseases .It is responsible for a sub stantial majority of cases of lung cancer, oral cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and most smokers die either from these respiratory diseases or from ischemic heart disease. Smoking also causes cancers to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, pancreas, bladder and kidney and increase ricks of peptic ulceration. Authracsis (black lung) is coal induced pulmonary leisan in tobacco smokers. Inhaled carbon pigment is engulfed by alveolar macroplges which then accumulate in connective tissue along with lympleatices. Smoke from a Shisha is also a major cause of oral cancer. Cancer is defined as the uncontrollable growth of cells that invade and cause damage to surrounding tissue. Oral cancer appears as a growth or sore that does not go away. (Wikipedia) If you notice any of these changes, contact your dentist immediately for a professional examination which includes cancers of the lips, tongue, cheek, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx (throat) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. The following are the common symptoms: Swellings/thickenings, lumps or bumps, rough spots/crusts/or eroded areas on the lips, gums, or other areas inside the mouth, The development of velvety white, red, or speckled (white and red) patches in the mouth, Unexplained bleeding in the mouth, Unexplained numbness, loss of feeling, or pain/tenderness in any area of the face, mouth, or neck, Persistent sores on the face, neck, or mouth that bleed easily and do not heal within two weeks, A soreness or feeling that something is caught in the back of the throat, Difficulty chewing or swallowing, speaking, or moving the jaw or tongue, Hoarseness, chronic sore throat, or changes in the voice A change in the way your teeth or dentures fit together a change in your bite, The MO at Adil Hospital, Lahore also told that Sore throat is also caused to the consumption of Shisha. Sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. A sore throat is the primary symptom of pharyngitis which is inflammation of the pharynx, or throat. But the terms sore throat and pharyngitis are often used interchangeably. Symptoms of a sore throat may vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms may include: Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat, Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking, Difficulty swallowing, Dry throat, Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw, Swollen, red tonsils, White patches or pus on your tonsils, Hoarse or muffled voice, Refusal to eat (infants and toddlers). (â€Å"Sore throat†, 2010) According to some respondents, Sinus headaches are also experienced due to the smoke. These are headaches that may accompany sinusitis, a condition in which the membranes lining your sinuses become swollen and inflamed. You may feel pressure around your eyes, cheeks and forehead. Perhaps your head throbs. Although these can indicate sinus headaches, dont jump to conclusions. Many people who assume they have sinus headaches actually have migraines or tension headaches. When sinus headaches caused by sinusitis do occur, proper diagnosis and treatment are the keys to relief. While doing this research, we came across a notion that a one hour session of Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100 cigarettes. While interviewing a doctor at Adil Hospital, Lahore, it was shocking to come across the fact that even the doctor agreed to this fact which previously just seemed like a notion. According to a House Officer Dr. Hassan Tariq at Adil Hospital, Lahore, the tobacco is no less toxic in a Shi sha pipe, and the water in the Shisha does not filter out the toxic ingredients in the tobacco smoke. When asked the question if one hour of   Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100 cigarettes, he told us that Shisha smokers may actually inhale more tobacco smoke than cigarette smokers do because of the large volume of smoke they inhale in one smoking session, which can last as long as 45 minutes. â€Å"Shisha has dangerous effects on the body because it exposes the smoker to a much larger volume of smoke than what would be inhaled from a cigarette. Even though the smoke is filtered out by water, inhalation of toxic substances is similar to or even greater than that of cigarette smoking. Many people are misled in believing that water filters out the toxins and that nicotine is reduced in water pipe smoking. Not only does water pipe smoking include the same substances as cigarette smoke such as carbon monoxide and tar, tobacco used for water pipe smoking contains two to four percent nicotine, as opposed to the one to three percent for cigarettes,† Krebs said. â€Å"The pressures of work and emotional stress of people who feel they do not live their lives well create tension and psychological pain,† he said. â€Å"They want to stop this pain, so they decide to smoke Shisha, which has chemical sedatives that are absorbed in the lungs.   Those sedative chemicals travel through the blood to anesthetic centers in the brain, causing people to relax somewhat,† al-Khamery said. A single session of smoking Shisha produces carbon monoxide levels four to five times higher than those produced from smoking a cigarette. When the breath of heavy tobacco smokers was measured, carbon monoxide levels of 30 to 40 ppm (parts per million) were found. These levels indicate that approximately 5 to 7 percent of blood was not functioning properly. The breath of Shisha smokers measured 40 to 70 ppm of carbon monoxide, resulting in 8 to 12 percent of blood being affected. BBC News notes that the normal carbon monoxide level is 3 ppm. Elevated carbon monoxide levels can result in brain damage and unconsciousness. Though not a risk directly associated with Shisha, the spread of infectious disease is associated with shared water pipes. Saliva transferred from an infected person to a non-infected person via an unclean hose can spread dangerous infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, herpes and the H1N1 virus, as well as more common illnesses such as the cold and flu viruses. Even if a Shisha smoker decides to quit there are a variety of influences in the wider environment that reduces the chances of sustained success, including peer pressure, Shisha advertisement and finding oneself in circumstances where one previously smoked. Conclusion In conclusion, Shisha is more a matter of drugs being involved and steps should be taken to stop it as a means of taking drugs â€Å"legally†, thanks to the social acceptance of Shisha. The government should start taking steps in a more subtle manner so as not to give the suppliers a chance to protest, for example, the government can also take steps to ensure that Shisha and cigarettes are not sold to people under the age of 18. Furthermore, like cigarette smoking, Shisha also falls into the grey area where freedom to use it cannot be prohibited in â€Å"adults† but steps can be taken by the government to ensure that people are aware of the dangers of smoking Shisha. Apart from awareness campaigns the government can also levy a handsome tax hence, discouraging the use of Shisha and ensuring that most, if not all of the general public, can live a safe and healthy life. As for the workers, the government should inquire the suppliers about their safety precautions, an d can pass out a law to ensure the health of workers. According to Habiba Younis policymakers should act â€Å"intelligently† to deal with this problem. Strict action should be taken, instead of imposing complete ban on it. â€Å"Heavy taxation†, â€Å"official checks† and â€Å"certain restriction on Shisha† will help to overcome this growing trend among youth. The need of the hour is to formulate strategies that grip this culture. â€Å"Although a 100 per cent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible, even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.† (2011). Recommendations According to this research carried out, it was found that the young generation is heavily getting dependent on the Shisha ignorant of the health hazards it causes. This is mainly due to the fact that in Pakistan and particularly in Lahore, Shisha came into the scenario only six to seven years back in 2006. Therefore, theres not much research carried out in Pakistan regarding Shisha consumption. There is an urgent need to educate the public against the dangers of the Shisha use.   Our religious scholars as well as non-governmental organizations should come forward and educate the public against the Shisha epidemic which is rapidly spreading in not only in the Muslims countries but also in the developed world. Special seminars should be held in schools across Lahore, warning the children against the dangers of Shisha use.   Government must also bring laws restricting restaurants owners serving Shisha to its customers. The government ought to conduct investigations in order to avoid any further worker exploitation. The workers have a right to work under safe and healthy conditions. It is not only governments responsibility to discourage Shisha smoking but also the youth. Campaigns in universities should be held in order to increase awareness of the hazards of Shisha. Shisha is not only about the dangers of its ingredients but also the malpractice done using it. It can be very dangerous when one mixes drugs in Shisha. Therefore sale of Shisha should be discouraged at every tobacco shop.

poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down...

â€Å"Poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down from generation to generation through the family.† Explain and assess this view. In this essay I will assess and explain the view that poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down from generation to generation through the family. Thus, firstly I will assess this view from the culture of poverty. Firstly, the idea of a culture of poverty was first introduced by Oscar Lewis. He developed the concept from his fieldwork among the urban poor in Mexico and Puerto Rico. Lewis argues the culture of poverty is a design for living transmitted from one generation to the next. The culture of poverty has the following elements, on the individual level, a strong feeling of†¦show more content†¦They regard a conventional family life as the ideal and strive to play the mainstream roles of a father. However, their income is insufficient to support a wife and a family. Facing daily situation of a failure, men often desert their family. On closer examination Liebow found little support for the streetcorner man’s rationale for marital failure. Marriages failed largely because the men had insufficient income to maintain them. The matrifocal families that were resulted were not due to a culture of poverty but simply to low-income. Liebow therefore rejects the idea of a culture of poverty or lower-class subculture and sees the behaviour of the poor as a product of situational constraint not of distinctive cultural patterns. Therefore, this shows that the family does not play any role in the prolong poverty but instead it had been the situational constraint that had forced them to stay as being poor. Thus, the statement that poverty is a way of life and had been passed down from generation to generation had not been entirely correct since it is proven that situational constraints are the actual problem. Lastly, according to Shane J. Blackman found that the young homeless had very similar aspirations as the other members of society, but situational constraints such as homelessness had been keeping them at one particular spot which is a t the state of poverty. Because of their homelessness, theirShow MoreRelatedThe Social Issue Of Poverty979 Words   |  4 Pagesaccurate definition of Poverty, because they are currently experiencing it first-hand in the United States (Maiese, 2003). Absolute Poverty, which academically can be defined as the lack of the minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life. This definition comes with much controversy because most Americans who have the bare basics to maintain life are still living in what is known as Relative Poverty. 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I think the UnitedRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Not Be Increased1669 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially in the United States today. It is the lowest wage that employers can legally pay their employees. The world’s first minimum wage law was passed in the year eighteen ninety-four in New Zealand. New Zealand’s minimum wage experiment caught the attention of other countries. It made them start considering the law for their own countries. The United States passed their federal minimum wage law in nineteen thirty-eight. The federal minimum wage amount was first set at twenty-five cents per hour. SinceRead MoreA.Structural Mobility/Pg. 279: Movement Up Or Down The1561 Words   |   7 Pages279: Movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals. Structural mobility is huge to the people of Dharvi. Everyone there strives to move up on the social ladder. Yet some are okay with facing the facts of them might never move from where they are now. Structural mobility is the second basic type of mobility and refers to change in society that allows large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder.

Essay on Informative Speech Outline-Childhood Obesity

Informative Speech Outline Jill Lesmann Oral Communications Cathleen Kruska April 9th 2015 Topic: Childhood Obesity INTRODUCTION I. Attention Getter: Hi, my name is Jill. I have been a pediatric nurse for almost 2 years now. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011, childhood Obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. And in 2012, more than one-third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. II. Specific Purpose: I would I like to inform you all of childhood obesity and ways to get involved in preventing obesity in children. III. Thesis: Childhood obesity is a preventable disorder that could lead to other health effects,†¦show more content†¦TRANSITION: Finally, I will discuss ways to prevent childhood obesity. III. Main Point #3: Childhood obesity is preventable. I think that parents and caregivers just need more insight of what it can lead to, not just worrying about body image. IV. I have provided a bar graph for you to show the increase in childhood obesity over the years and to provide visualization that this is still an ongoing problem. As you can see by the chart, the rate of obesity from the 1970’s to the 2000’s the rate has increased dramatically. A. Prevention or treatment of this problem means a change of attitude, developing a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity and healthy food and drink choices. 1. Activity level and food choices are influenced by family members. If the parents adopt healthy eating habits, then the child will form these habits as well and could likely carry that into adulthood. 2. It is also important for parents establish a routine of physical fitness into the child’s life. You could go for walk, go hiking, bike riding, or got them involved in sports at your local YMCA. If physical activity is not a part of the family’s life, it may be difficult for the child to pick up these habits and could be just an ongoing issue that gets passed on through generations. 3. Another important key toShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesitiy Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesInformative Speech 1 Outline Childhood Obesity Planning Block General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of the importance of childhood obesity Central Idea: Childhood obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping across America and will continue to get worse unless the problem is faced head on. Introduction Hook: Introduce myself. Then start talking about the â€Å"Maury Povich† show when there are fat babies. Then talk about how they think it may be funny/cuteRead MoreEssay on Outline for Speech1256 Words   |  6 PagesInformative Speech Outline Title: Child Obesity, a â€Å"Growing† Concern Topic: Most Prevalent Causes of Obesity in the U.S. Specific Purpose: To educate the audience on the key causes of the increasing obesity rate in the U.S. among adults, but especially among youth. Thesis Statement: The main contributors to obesity among adults, but mostly among youth are environmental factors, lack of choosing nutritious meals, portion distortion and the factor that fuels all of these, advertisingRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesblockbusters. However, consumer brand loyalty may then provide defence against generic competition and prolong the product life cycle. Occasionally a brand which struggled as a prescription product can ï ¬â€šourish in the OTC sector – for example, Xenical for obesity, which appeared to be a greater issue for consumers than health care professionals. A ï ¬ nal important category of medicine is vaccines. Prophylactic vaccines often provide lifelong protection against serious diseases, preventing at least 3 million

Human Interaction And The Bonds Of Friendship - 1879 Words

Human interaction and the bonds of friendship and love between people have fascinated us for centuries. Scientists, poets, authors, and many others have inquired, explored, and expressed their findings throughout history. Whereas scientists focal point is often the reasoning behind these feelings and why we behave the way we do, authors approach the subject with a representation of what it means to be human and possess these qualities. In every culture throughout time, authors have delved into stories, both real and imagined, that illustrate the relationships between people and the loyalty to one another. Through the use of characters and plot, they have depicted how the true measure of a person s character lies in his integrity and how he interacts with others. Charles Dickens, an author during the Victorian era, is held as one of the greatest novelist of all time. Dickens addresses many universal themes and issues in all of his novels. In Charles Dickens extolled novel, Great Exp ectations, through the skillful crafting of characters such as Abel Magwitch, Pip, and Joe, the renowned author illustrates the bond of loyalty between humans and the actions of responsibility that it procures, as well as the value and true humanity of a person stemming from his inner worth. At first, Abel Magwitch seems to be the last person one would expect to be loyal, trustworthy, and hold immense integrity and morality. As a convict, the reader expects him to be vile, cruel, andShow MoreRelated`` The Bright Stuff `` By President Woodrow Wilson : The Only Cement That Will Ever Hold The World979 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclared that â€Å"friendship [was] the only cement that will ever hold the world together†. Human beings form massive networks, tied together by fine threads, like a web. Those relationships revolving around us are expanded by pollination, as meeting friends of friends rapidly increases one’s social network. The importance of understanding human inte ractions rises in accordance with the continuous changes in our environment. Nowadays, scientific researches interested in the friendship process exploreRead MoreSocial Media On Real World Friendships And Interactions879 Words   |  4 Pagesmedia does impede on real world friendships and interactions because it takes away from one-on- one emotional experience with close friends which is vital for a happier and healthier life. Social media is ruining true friendships and conversation. Social media takes away from face to face relationships that are so important. Face to face relationships requires commitment, time, and nurturing. Social media sites impede on relationships by threating true friendships. Face to face relationships areRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1303 Words   |  6 Pagesand its appealing features, social media sites do help with the creation and sponsorship of new relationships and bonds, but in reality, it is actually far from the case. Even though, online social networks have garnered an immense amount of diverse active users from different backgrounds, age groups, locations, and etc. over the years, there has been a greater distance between the bond of those in society. One platform that creates a distance between people is Facebook, which constitutes as an essentialRead MoreThe Importance of Friendship Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthings in life, but friendship may be the most valuable. To live life without the experience of friendship, is not living. Human interaction is a necessity to survival, but developed friendships are essential to the successful well being of anyone. Based upon the American Heritage Dictionary, the definition of a friend is, ?A person whom one knows, likes and trusts.? But to all, Friendship has no defined terminology. The definition of a friend, and friendship, is based upon oneselfRead MoreFriendship, Love, And Love1401 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship and romantic love are two of the most fundamental relationships that human beings engage in. As social animals, most humans are naturally drawn to form bonds of affection with other people. Both friendship and love, however, are difficult to fully define and conceptualize. The fundamental meaning of each has changed throughout the course of human history and appears in different forms among different cultures. Modern interpretations of friendship and love will guide this explication, asRead MoreAnalysis Of Forester s A Passage Of India Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto be less guarded and more involved with those around him while Aziz learns to be smarter about who he entrusts with his friendship. When these fundamental human relationships are absent during stages of these characters’ lives, an existence void of meaning and full of misunderst anding and conflict results, and thus we see E.M. Forester’s assertions about the importance of human intimacy proven as accurate. Initially, there is a great dissimilarity between Fielding and Aziz when it comes to theirRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1277 Words   |  6 Pagesanother. In addition, no two people will ever share personalities which is what makes human interaction interesting. Everyone is unique. All of these attributes can affect relationships. The novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, and modern sources explore how mental and physical attributes affect friendship quality. Both authors show how, often, same-race friendships form tighter bonds. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian best friends Junior and RowdyRead MoreFriendship Development Of College Students1613 Words   |  7 PagesFRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS Friendships are usually formed in early childhood and most times in those years they can contribute to sculpting a child’s personality, and behavior while filling the need for enjoyable company(). When friendships during early childhood and adolescents are formed they are typically based on the grounds that these peers are available during that time. However in college, friendships are more likely based on common interest, similar personalitiesRead MoreHow Social Media Helps Maintain And Grow Friendships1091 Words   |  5 PagesFrequent interaction helps maintain and grow friendships. However, the demands of a career and/or raising a family might leave little time for visiting with friends. A change in geography (for such reasons as health, career, or school) might result in excessive time passing between get-togethers. Social media helps maintain the bonds of a relationship by facilitating communication and can establish new friendships. Circumstances can prevent face-to-face interactions. Waiting until we see someoneRead MoreRelationship Between A Parent And Child Relationship1710 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history human behavior has held a continuing fascination for artists of all kinds. The way in which human beings relate to one another has been a source of inspiration to painters, sculptors, authors, composers, playwrights, filmmakers and photographers alike. Relationships between people vary from the everyday dynamics and the significance in which they value one another and each connection between those relationships makes a different impact on the one of someone else. There are many

Influence of Role Models on Children free essay sample

A role model is someone looked up to and held in high esteem. They are often emulated and referred to for guidance. Children being very influential can be heavily affected by their role models. A role model for a child is someone seen as big and great in their eyes. Whoever the role model may be, children will pick up actions, words and mannerisms from them. It affects them in every way, how they deal with people, their dress, and vocabulary and how they aspire to be.Role models can have positive or negative effect on children depending upon the role model and others definition of what is good and what Isnt. * Where do children get their role models from? Depending upon the environment, personality of and upbringing of the child, their role models can differ greatly. Some childrens role models are pop singers and actors, they are often ones that are popular In media culture and Invariably the childrens friends would have had an additional effect In affirming the role models. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Role Models on Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mom role models are noble, In that they are healthy to be role models for the child: such noble role models include parents, family members, people who do a lot of charity work or work with animals and people who help communities. These role models are formed from knowledge about them, from the childs environment or from hearing stories about them from others. Children learn from their environment and are well-known to be like sponges that soak up all what they see and hear. How role models affect children Vocabulary Some negative role models that often swear or use derogatory words can affect the hillier who take them as role models by influencing them to start swearing and use bad language or curse words. Alternatively positive role models can help in teaching children to be polite in speech. Dress Children can seek to copy the fashion of their role models; this is usually the case for role models obtained from the media, cartoons, TV presenters, movies or pop singers. These role models are also affirmed by other children at school, often making it fashionable and cool to be like a certain singer. This can cause children to dress Inappropriately for their age and cause temper tantrums. Again it does depend who the role model is, therefore it could be a positive change or modest way of dress which does not seek to harm the child in anyway. Behavior Popular role models popularized by the media today such as various pop singers do not always have the best of ethics or values that parents wish their children to have. A child can start to emulate the behavior and attitude of the role model Influencing what the child does and If they get Into trouble or not.On the other hand, If the role del Is one which parents consider positive, this can have positive effects on raising the child with good mannerisms and encouraging them to do well. Role models can greatly affect children from their dress, way of thinking, speech and behavior. A role model can have a positive or negative effect upon the child. Popular role models taken by many children today are often those publicized by the media such as various pop singers, sports stars or actors. Children can be deeply influenced by role benefit their children in all ways possible.

Management Policy and Organizational Success

Question: Discuss about the Management Policy and Organizational Success. Answer: Introduction A good management policy and organizational success is dependent on the formulation of goals and objectives (Silva, 2015). An organization would not be able to perform on a day to day basis if it doesnt have a strong mission or vision. A mission statement helps the company to formulate the way which should be followed for achieving the organizational success. Two companies are being selected for the purpose of study- Blackmores and Brambles. Blackmores is a reputed natural health organization which is based in Australia (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The organization, founded by Maurice Blackmore, believes in the principle of naturopath (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). It engages in development of new products as well as the services associated with the management of nutrients, vitamins, herbs and minerals. Brambles Limited is considered as one of the largest supply chain logistics group in Australia (Brambles, 2016). It was founded on the year 1875 and has its presence in 850 countries. The primary products of the company include outsourcing management of pallets, containers and crates. The report would provide a comparison and contrast of the two companies with respect to its mission/vision statement, CSR initiatives, organizational values and the stakeholders involved. The mission statement is being defined for both the companies and their alignment with the S.M.A.R.T principle is underlined. This principle checks whether the goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound. This would determine if the values would contribute to the organizational effectiveness. Mission Statement Blackmores strives to be the pioneers in natural health while Brambles aims to reach the topmost rank in the innovative business solutions of the support services (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). Blackmores aim to undertake a holistic approach in the health and well-being of the patients whereas Brambles strive to outsource their expertise which can add additional value to the customers. Brambles aim to design enhanced shareholder value by the development of efficient human resources of the company (Brambles, 2016). On the other hand, the strategy of Blackmores is little different. It strives to present reliable information to the customers by offering them premium quality products. Values of the organization There are differences between the organizational values of the two companies. Blackmores has incorporated the core values to their organizational culture (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The values can be defined by the acronym PIRLS. It stands for the values such as Passion for Natural Health, Integrity, Respect, Leadership and Social Responsibility (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The Passion for Natural Health explores enthusiastic approach of the company in formulating holistic approach to the different health initiatives. The integrity value of the organization implies that the organization is honest, trustworthy and committed to highest level of personal, business and professional behaviors (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). On the other hand, Brambles believes in incorporating integrity along with respect for the related communities. The company engages in the creation of innovative organizational culture. Blackmores treats the employees of the organization in dignified and fair manner (Blackmore s.com.au, 2016). On the other hand, Brambles, displays high level of passion for the purpose of achieving organizational success (Brambles, 2016). The company is committed to the promotion of safety and diversity of the employees. This aspect is similarly observed in Blackmores also, where the organization places high importance to diversity. The leadership value in Blackmores is related with influencing the employees by the wisdom, experience and knowledge of the senior management. On the other hand, Brambles puts high importance on the team spirit of the employees (Brambles, 2016). It also believes in the principle of incorporating innovative culture in the organization. The social responsibility value of Blackmores indicates that the actions of the company put high importance to care, respect and compassion among the employees. It also fosters the environment aspects and the concerns of the broader community. On the other hand, the Brambles puts highest importance to the customer s and believes in optimum customer satisfaction for better business prospects. Alignment of goals to the SMART objectives The SMART principles specify the ideal nature of the goals. The goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound (Silva, 2015). The mission statement of the companies do not fully satisfies the SMART principle. They only fulfill the specific, achievable, measurable and realistic aspects of the principle and fail to define the time bound nature of the goals. The mission or the vision statement of the companies do not measure the time bound aspects of the goals. They do not mention about the time lines within which the goals must be fulfilled. The mission statement of Brambles and Blackmores mentions specifically the position that it wants to achieve. One can also measure whether the company is able to reach the topmost position and it is achievable and possible to attain. The values of Brambles satisfy the SMART principles. They mention the specific attributes of the company which are observed in the organization. It is possible to achieve the values and impl ement them in the organization. On the other hand, Blackmores do not fulfill the measurable and time bound aspects of the SMART acronym. This is because of the fact that it is not possible to measure the attributes mentioned in the PIRLS parameter. However, it fulfills the other criteria such as achievable, specific and realistic. The organizational culture is particularly stated and there is high integrity. A high level of team spirit can be observed in the organization. It is possible to attain high levels of customer satisfaction. A realistic approach has been taken to formulate the organizational values and hence it satisfies the SMART principle. Corporate Social Responsibility Blackmores concentrates on designing the product packaging that are creative and also cause minimal environmental damage (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). It concentrates on the recycling of wastes by incorporating appropriate policies in the organization functioning. The business plan of the organization focuses on reducing the plastic wastes generated along with the inbound cardboard (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The organization has promoted the use of glass in the organization since it has superior content protection and can be recycled easily. The organization is engaged with organizations such as Bilgola Surf Life Saving Club, Cancer Council, WWF, Heart Research Institute and Exodus Foundation (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). On the other hand, Brambles focus on the important aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility such as environmental issues and economic issues (Brambles, 2016). It performs zero harm principle and the company aims to do minimal damage to the environment. This is done by performing careful activities towards the environment and minimizes the activities that have the probability of causing harm to the environment (Brambles, 2016). It efficiently utilizes the resources which can reduce the bad effects towards the environment. For example, the company aims to reduce carbon emissions, reduce global warming and takes actions for improving their physical environment. It also aims for better supply chain collaboration, people inclusion, integrity, people learning and people engagement tasks. The company has incorporated sustainability in the core business functions. Involvement of Stakeholders Blackmores takes active steps in the identification of the stakeholders who would help the company in forming a strong business and deliver an innovative culture (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The company considers the stakeholders as the most important aspect of promoting innovative business practices. The Governing Board of the company specifies that the needs of the stakeholders should be addressed properly (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The company believes that the stakeholders should be managed in such a way that the organization derives maximum benefit (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). There should be mutual operation between all the stakeholders of the organization. Brambles, on the other hand, focus on transparent communication with all the stakeholders (Brambles, 2016). The identified stakeholders of the company include the investors, customers, employees, suppliers and external entities. The crucial stakeholders in the external environment include the vendors, government agencies and others (Brambles, 2016). The identification of the stakeholders is important and their viewpoints are important for organizational achievement (Brambles, 2016). The feedbacks and viewpoints of the stakeholders are included in the core business policies of the organization (Brambles, 2016). The stakeholders are an important component in the sustainability report of the company. Conclusion The setting of goals is one of the most important responsibilities of the organization. The goal setting helps the company to have a long term vision as well as short term motivation of the employees. Goals are capable of taking the organizations forward. An effective goal also helps the company to realize its vision and work towards fulfilling it. This paper strives to compare the goal setting activities of two companies in Australia namely Blackmores and Brambles. Brambles aim to be the pioneers in the market and undertake a holistic approach. Blackmores, on the other hand, aims to be the market leader, by infusing an element of creativity in the organizational culture. The goals of the company are being compared with the SMART principles and this report aims to understand the applicability of goal setting in practical organizations. References Blackmores.com.au, 2016.Blackmores vitamins and supplements- Australia's most trusted. [online] Blackmores.com.au. Available at: https://www.blackmores.com.au [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016] Brambles,2016.Brambles. [online] Brambles Corporate Site. Available at: https://www.brambles.com [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016] Silva, L., 2015. Goals? What Are These Goals of Which You Speak?.Women in Higher Education, 24(5), pp.16-16.